In the fall of 2012 I had the incredible experience of studying abroad in Rome, Italy. While there I was able to travel to several different European countries and experience the local lifestyle from a student's perspective. During my travels I found it difficult to find a succinct weekend travel guide for the city that I was in. Travel books are expensive and burdensome for backpackers, and wireless internet connection is rather scarce in European cities. I often found myself looking at a church or historical monument and not knowing why I was surrounded by tons of tourists. The entire semester I had hoped for a detailed, easy to read, itinerary for major European cities. I thought it would be even better to gear it towards young independent travelers. A guide for backpackers made by backpackers so to speak. No longer will student travelers feel the need to buy a $40 travel book for a country that they may only be spending a few days in. This guide will contain everything one needs to know such as where to sleep, what to eat and drink, and how much it will all cost. No longer will a young traveler be staring at a famous memorial and not know one piece of information about it. No longer will backpackers wanting to experience nightlife have to wander around a city until they find a tourist filled pub. "The European Explorer" will be the must have guide for all future backpackers. Much of my research is from personal experience. I was able to see firsthand what students enjoy, and what they do not enjoy while traveling. Based off of my itineraries I will use the internet and travel books to pull the most vital information and transform it into one itinerary. It is up to the user what he or she wants to do or see. There will be options for various interests such as art, religion, architecture etc. The itinerary as a whole is meant to be a grand trip of Europe, but can be divided up to the users liking. My sources vary from travel blogs and forums to history websites to travel books. I will be using approximately 2-3 resources for each destination. A forward to my thesis will include general vital information such as how to ride the rail, safety tips, and hostel information. This information is best to be read by the user before travel has started. Another addition will be an analysis of travel guides, including the history of them, the profitability of the guides, and the future of travel guides.

The following text is a re-evaluation of Robert Moore's persecuting society thesis in light of recent criticism. The Persecuting Society asserts that the fundamental condition of Jewish persecution in the 13th century was law and order. In other words, persecution had become an institutionalized phenomenon through which medieval Christians--particularly, the English and French monarchies--segregated, both geographically and ideologically, Jews in England and France. The character of such persecution was primarily economic, but based in religious roots. The paper thus also discusses the role of the Church in establishing and justifying social and economic controls against Jews within the English and French persecutional state apparatuses. The text affirms Moore's persecuting society thesis on two accounts: First, that the English and French crowns developed institutions which marginalized and persecuted Jews; secondly, that functionaries of the Church, particularly ecclesiastic functionaries and later popes of the 13th century, did so as well.

Interaction is key to education, as students who perform their own inquiry into a subject retain information longer. The field of interactive fiction, which emphasizes personal decision making and freedom of choice, is ripe for opportunity as it is relatively simple to develop and deploy to audiences of any size. However, few interactive fiction platforms exist with the openness and flexibility required for classroom use. My project attempted to create an interactive fiction platform that can be created for and engaged with by both teachers and students. This led to the creation of an interactive fiction platform that conforms to a variety of requirements, such as openness and compatibility across multiple platforms, and which can display meaningful content. This was accomplished by someone with a content area education background and only limited computer science experience, and shows promise for similar future endeavors.

This paper aims to investigate how the portrayal of the crusaders in twentieth and twenty-first century film has evolved and how they have become tools in serving contemporary goals, including those of individual filmmakers and broad societal ideologies. Through the analysis of five films, in both narrative and cinematography, spanning from the 1950s until 2011, themes of redemption, maturity, and the dichotomy of "good" and "bad" are discussed, as well as their chronological evolution in regards to the crusading hero. These films, widely ranging in historical subject matter and country of origin, show a greater range of evolution for the holy war hero and the important themes widely associated with them.

Education, with emphasis on post secondary education, should become a top priority for policy makers with regards to the criminal justice system in the United States. Criminal justice funding within the United States is being applied increasingly to factors that correlate with high rates of recidivism such as housing increased numbers of inmates. Research strongly supports education in the mitigation of the rate of recidivism. Reducing the rate of recidivism helps to create a more sustainable influx of inmates into correctional facilities. Those who enter into prison are some of the most economically disadvantaged individuals in the United States. In comparison to the general population, the prison population has significantly lower formal education levels and lower literacy levels. Without access to an education, inmates have the greater struggle to reach economic livelihood. Limited access to education perpetuates a cycle of inequality and injustice and can contribute to high recidivism rates. Recidivism drives up the costs of taxpayer dollars. Effective means for integrating inmates into society, such as basic literacy training and access to post secondary educational programs, must be expanded on and implemented.