Johann Gregor Mendel studied patterns of trait inheritance in plants during the nineteenth century. Mendel, an Augustinian monk, conducted experiments on pea plants at St. Thomas’ Abbey in what is now Brno, Czech Republic. Twentieth century scientists used Mendel’s recorded observations to create theories about genetics.
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Human Papillomavirus, or HPV, is a viral pathogen that most commonly spreads through sexual contact. HPV strains 6 and 11 normally cause genital warts, while HPV strains 16 and 18 commonly cause cervical cancer, which causes cancerous cells to spread…
Human Papillomavirus, or HPV, is a viral pathogen that most commonly spreads through sexual contact. HPV strains 6 and 11 normally cause genital warts, while HPV strains 16 and 18 commonly cause cervical cancer, which causes cancerous cells to spread in the cervix. Physicians can detect those HPV strains, using a Pap smear, which is a diagnostic test that collects cells from the female cervix.
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“Test-tube baby” is a term used to refer to a baby produced through artificial insemination or in vitro fertilization, also called IVF. During artificial insemination, a physician injects carefully selected sperm into a women’s uterus to fertilize her eggs. During…
“Test-tube baby” is a term used to refer to a baby produced through artificial insemination or in vitro fertilization, also called IVF. During artificial insemination, a physician injects carefully selected sperm into a women’s uterus to fertilize her eggs. During IVF, a trained professional harvests eggs from a female donor. Those eggs are fertilized with carefully selected sperm in a petri dish. Those fertilized eggs are allowed to divide and grow in the dish for four days, at which point the trained professional inserts those eggs into the uterus of a female so she can carry the pregnancy.
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Rh factor is a protein found on the outside of Rh-positive red blood cells. Rh incompatibility during pregnancy occurs when an Rh-negative mother is pregnant with an Rh-positive fetus. During delivery, the fetus' Rh-positive blood is introduced into the mother’s…
Rh factor is a protein found on the outside of Rh-positive red blood cells. Rh incompatibility during pregnancy occurs when an Rh-negative mother is pregnant with an Rh-positive fetus. During delivery, the fetus' Rh-positive blood is introduced into the mother’s body. The Rh-negative mother’s body begins to produce antibodies that attack and kill Rh-positive blood cells. Since the crossover of blood normally occurs during delivery, an Rh-negative woman’s first pregnancy is normally not affected. However, the woman’s antibodies may attack a second Rh-positive fetus as those antibodies can cross into the bloodstream and destroy fetal Rh-positive blood cells.
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Embryonic and juvenile development consist of a series of complex and rapid changes driven by a suite of crucially timed developmental cues within the cell. The developmental process begins at the moment of zygote activation, “jump-started” by maternal factors such…
Embryonic and juvenile development consist of a series of complex and rapid changes driven by a suite of crucially timed developmental cues within the cell. The developmental process begins at the moment of zygote activation, “jump-started” by maternal factors such as mRNA and proteins until transcription can be zygotically-driven. Regulation of transcription initiation plays a crucial role in this process, as minute changes in the timing, density, and characteristics of gene expression can have drastic effects on the zygote’s development. Specific promoter elements can be linked to different patterns of transcription, driving both ubiquitous and sharply regulated gene expression, thus forming the basis for the time-sensitive developmental processes. In order to better understand the genes expressed during different stages of development and the impact of promoter elements on transcription patterns and transcript concentrations within the cell, I created a Gene Expression and Promoter Atlas in two species within the cryptic species complex, Daphnia pulex. I surveyed five embryonic and two juvenile developmental stages in both a North American and mitochondrially European Daphnia pulex utilizing developmental landmarks to visually stages embryos. A total of 17,993 genes were identified in the European species and 15,295 were identified in the North American species, with 11,551 orthologs identified between the two. I utilized the transcription start site (TSS) profiling method STRIPE-seq to identify promoter motifs and RNA-seq to survey mRNA concentration at each stage, generating a wealth of genetic data. The methodology for library construction and the dataset generated therein provide an informative basis for further comparative developmental studies and the elucidation of full gene functionality in an emerging model organism.
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