In this three-article format dissertation, I explore the use of drama-based research and pedagogy as a tool for preservice teacher (PST) education, specifically for opening up spaces for dialogue, possibility, and most importantly co-constructing critical consciousness, which is the ability to recognize and problematize structural inequalities and taking action for social justice.The first article examines the use of dramatic inquiry, a type of drama-based pedagogy, with the aim of understanding the opportunities and tensions of using dramatic inquiry in the process of co-constructing PSTs’ critical consciousness. Drawing on drama artifacts, field observation, and in-depth interviews with PSTs, I present the opportunities as the following themes: emotional engagement, interrogation of beliefs and assumptions, and dialogic meaning-making. However, there were tensions such as PSTs’ experiencing emotional overwhelm, feelings of being in an unsafe space, and a noticeable delay in their critical engagement. Despite these obstacles, the study also highlights these constraints as potential avenues for enhancing PSTs’ critical consciousness. The second article presents an ethnodrama, a form of drama-based research, to engage teacher educators and PSTs to examine classroom dynamics aimed at creating spaces for critical consciousness. Grounded in the principles of Bakhtin’s dialogism, this ethnodrama spotlights pivotal moments of dialogic and monologic moments within the dramatic inquiry discussed in Article One. This research paints a vivid picture of classroom dynamics capturing the complexity of these exchanges, thereby shedding light on how these interactions affect dialogue. Article three proposes drama-based pedagogy as a “pedagogy of the possible”, an approach to education from possibility studies. This conceptual paper responds to a call for scholarly dialogue in the field of possibility studies. Drawing on my own personal experiences of using drama-based pedagogy, I demonstrate how drama-based pedagogy aligns with the eight possibilities of pedagogies of the possible – the possibilities of (1) not knowing, (2) failure, (3) uncertainly, (4) movement, (5) anticipation, (6) dialogue, (7) care, and (8) responsibility. Showing drama-based pedagogy as a pedagogy of the possible emphasizes the open-ended nature of learning with drama, foregrounding the boundless potential for growth and transformation.

Students’ motivation is what helps them learn best and as a teacher, it is important to effectively use teaching strategies that enhance their students’ motivation. Strategies include establishing a connection with students that makes the class personal for them because this gives the students a safe space to learn and feel welcome. When students feel welcome and have a connection with their teacher, they are more likely to be excited to learn and their self-efficacy will increase. Their self-efficacy comes from their past experience in school and their level of confidence so ensuring that they are encouraged and have the confidence to learn helps them to be more open when encountering new concepts. Aside from creating a positive environment for students, teachers need to also teach their content in a way that increases their students’ motivation to learn. Establishing learning goals that connect to the students’ personal interests is one of the most effective ways to teach because the students are more likely to be interested in the content if they have a connection with it. Mathematics is a subject that becomes much more difficult to teach because of the bad reputation it receives. However, teachers can help their students learn more effectively and be excited to learn mathematical concepts by using a more conceptual approach. This includes utilizing discussions and visualizations to assist in teaching concepts. Both of these strategies help students understand the content at a deeper level which helps them in their future mathematical courses. Lastly, the student-teacher connection is very important, so the teacher should also establish a connection with their students’ parents. The parents should know about the class their child is taking and by creating this connection, students can learn more effectively.

The purpose of this study was to examine the role of the arts (visual arts, music, dance, and theater) in educational settings. It also sought to identify current teachers’ perceptions of the arts as a teaching methodology. Arts in education is an expanding field of research and practice distinguished from arts education due to its investigation of learning through arts experiences. Arts experiences in classrooms can occur through a variety of mediums such as visual arts, music, dance, theater, and more. Specifically, this study examined how teachers perceive using various art forms and activities in the classroom to help students learn and communicate what they know, how frequently on average teachers use various art forms and activities in their classrooms, teacher attitudes and potential concerns about the arts in education, and why teachers would use the arts and what would make them use them more.

The purpose of this study was to examine how using flexible seating options and alternative seating arrangements within a classroom may benefit students. It also sought to identify current teachers’ perceptions of flexible seating as a teaching methodology. Flexible seating is defined as having multiple seating options within one’s classroom, often leading to include elements of student choice. Such seating options may include active seating where the seat allows for movement. Specifically, this study examined the behavior, academic, community, and sensory benefits that students may experience from interacting with a flexible classroom environment. Data were collected from current teachers via an online survey as well as an occupational therapist via an interview. The data supported existing literature indicating that there are behavior and sensory benefits to flexible seating options, however, additional research would need to be done in order to draw concrete connections between academic performance and classroom community with flexible seating options.

Media and technology are integral parts of today’s society. Unlike in the past, most adults in the United States now have access to the internet via their own personal devices. Technology’s popularity does not stop with adults. The children of this generation are extremely knowledgeable when it comes to media and technology and are exposed to it at a very young age. This paper analyzes the effect that this exposure is having on early childhood development. The research shows that there are several benefits to children using technology at a young age. Some of these benefits include increased learning opportunities, preparation for future careers, and support for children with disabilities. However, there are also several challenges that technology can cause. Some of these challenges include increased violence, exposure to inappropriate content, sleep issues, and an increased chance of obesity. In addition to this paper, a resource website titled Toddlers and Technology was created. The purpose of this website is to give parents insight into the information that is available in regards to technology and child development. The website includes the benefits and challenges of children using technology, recommendations on how parents can combat the challenges, and a list of 10 educational apps for early childhood development.
Keywords: children, technology, media, apps, families

The activities of drum corps and high school marching band are similar in many ways, and yet drum corps is styled as the "major league" of the marching arts. What makes the learning environment different between drum corps and high school marching band? While drum corps has a denser rehearsal schedule, and involved an audition process where high school marching band does not, the biggest difference between the two activities lies in the instructional practices utilized. Drum corps does not have to adhere to state or national arts education standards, and so the instructors must create their own standards and forms of assessment for the students, which directly affects student motivation. This student motivation can be understood through the Self-Determination Theory pioneered by Deci & Ryan, in which the conditions of autonomy, competency, and relatedness must be supported for students to reach the highest levels of motivation. By interviewing the directors of the Academy Drum and Bugle Corps, and the Casa Grande Union High School marching band, and surveying students of each organization, a comparison can be made in the instructional practices of each organization and the subsequent effect on student motivation. Through the interviews with the directors, it was gathered that instructors in drum corps had more chances to work with the students one on one, and assess their personal growth in a subjective manner than the instructors in the high school marching band. This affected the way in which the drum corps instructors structured their rehearsals and set their goals. High school instructors were able to assess technical skill more often with graded assessments such as playing tests or scale checks, though this did not always take into account the students' personal growth or experience. From the anonymous surveys of the students of both organizations, a desire for relatedness was communicated from the high school students more than the drum corps students, and a greater lack of comfort with asking questions was displayed from the high school students. Interpreting these results with SDT, it could be said that these high school students were feeling less motivated than the drum corps students due to a lack of fulfillment in the areas of relatedness and competence. In the end, it would seem that the differentiated instruction that is possible in drum corps sets the activity apart from high school marching band, as the instructors are able to work with students on setting personal goals and may subjectively assess their growth within the activity. Self- and peer-evaluation in drum corps is also facilitated through video assignments in which other students may give comments to their peers, which builds the area of relatedness more within drum corps students than in high school students.