It is increasingly common to see machine learning techniques applied in conjunction with computational modeling for data-driven research in neuroscience. Such applications include using machine learning for model development, particularly for optimization of parameters based on electrophysiological constraints. Alternatively, machine learning can be used to validate and enhance techniques for experimental data analysis or to analyze model simulation data in large-scale modeling studies, which is the approach I apply here. I use simulations of biophysically-realistic cortical neuron models to supplement a common feature-based technique for analysis of electrophysiological signals. I leverage these simulated electrophysiological signals to perform feature selection that provides an improved method for neuron-type classification. Additionally, I validate an unsupervised approach that extends this improved feature selection to discover signatures associated with neuron morphologies - performing in vivo histology in effect. The result is a simulation-based discovery of the underlying synaptic conditions responsible for patterns of extracellular signatures that can be applied to understand both simulation and experimental data. I also use unsupervised learning techniques to identify common channel mechanisms underlying electrophysiological behaviors of cortical neuron models. This work relies on an open-source database containing a large number of computational models for cortical neurons. I perform a quantitative data-driven analysis of these previously published ion channel and neuron models that uses information shared across models as opposed to information limited to individual models. The result is simulation-based discovery of model sub-types at two spatial scales which map functional relationships between activation/inactivation properties of channel family model sub-types to electrophysiological properties of cortical neuron model sub-types. Further, the combination of unsupervised learning techniques and parameter visualizations serve to integrate characterizations of model electrophysiological behavior across scales.