A high percentage of Native Hawaiian and other Pacific Islander (NHPI) adults (37.4%) aged 18 and older did not see a doctor in the past year. This is the highest percentage among all racial groups. Furthermore, approximately one in eight NHPI adults (12%) are uninsured, a rate that is markedly higher than Whites. Federal reports historically struggle to capture data that could explain these phenomena. Hence, NHPI are insufficiently and incompletely represented in health statistics, access health services at lower rates, and are insured at lower rates than other racial and ethnic minority groups. This has implications for perpetuating adverse mental health conditions and mental health disparities that are prevalent in this community (e.g., depression, anxiety, alcohol use disorder, and tobacco use), particularly following the global COVID-19 pandemic. The overarching goal of this research is to improve and broaden understanding of novel multi-level health determinants causing low mental health care service utilization rates of NHPIs, a presently understudied health disparity for Native Hawaiians and other Pacific Islanders in the U.S. Design: A closed access, cross-sectional Internet survey was used to collect data. Participants were recruited with announcements distributed nationwide via email to NHPI organizations, associations, and networks across the United States and social media. The sample included 395 NHPI adults aged 18 and older. Analysis: Latent profile analysis (LPA) were conducted using Mplus 8 statistical software to examine whether different conceptually meaningful profiles of NHPI Islanders emerge based on hypothesized health determinants measuring Symptom Distress (Perceived Health Status, Depression/Anxiety, and Perceived Stress), Protective Factors (Pacific Cultural Efficacy, Religious Centrality and Embeddedness, Pacific Connectedness and Belonging, and Perceived Societal Wellbeing) and Health Attitudes (Medical Mistrust and Service Provider Preferences [i.e., Traditional/Native Healer vs Medical Doctor/Nurse]) while accounting for demographic covariates (e.g., education, income, and insurance status). Results supported a four-profile model solution, where four distinct groups (named “Very Low Symptomatic,” “Low Symptomatic,” “Moderate Symptomatic,” and “High Symptomatic”) of participants demonstrated varying levels of symptom distress, endorsement of protective factors, and health attitudes. Furthermore, planned mental health care utilization was analyzed as an outcome variable, demonstrating varying levels of planned mental health service utilization across the four profiles. Significance: Findings may inform public policy and healthcare professionals about how to meaningfully engage NHPI communities in culturally competent mental health care services.

Latino men who have sex with men (LMSM) may repress gay, bisexual identities due to internalized homophobia and other sociocultural influences. The impact of Latino traditional gender roles, machismo and caballerismo, have not been examined with LMSM who may or may not identify as gay or bisexual. The purpose of the present study is to examine relations between self-labeled sexual identity, sexual identity developmental status, and traditional gender norms among Latino men who have sex with men (LMSM). The sample consisted of 499 LMSM, (Mage = 30.79), who endorsed engaging in same-sex sexual behavior. Results suggest evidence of concurrent validity of The Measure of Sexual Identity Exploration and Commitment (MoSIEC) with LMSM. Also, men who identified as heterosexual reported relatively higher levels of machismo and caballerismo. Implications for sexual identity development theory and research with LMSM is provided.

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2017) note that gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men (collectively referred to as MSM) face more barriers to accessing health care compared to other men. Such barriers include, lack of cultural- and sexual identity-appropriate medical and support services, concerns about confidentiality, and fear of discussing sexual practices or orientation in a medical setting. In comparison to other MSM populations, Latino MSM (LMSM) report having the least amount of access to health care (McKirnan et al., 2012). The purpose of the present study is to elucidate how individual- (i.e., age, education level, and income level), community- (i.e., social support and neighborhood collective efficacy), and sociocultural-level factors (i.e., immigration status, heterosexual self-presentation, sexual identity commitment, sexual identity exploration, and ethnic identity affirmation and belonging) may relate with perceived access to healthcare. It is hypothesized that ethnic identity affirmation and belonging will moderate relations between the aforementioned predictors and perceived access to health care based on increasing evidence that ethnic identity, or one’s sense of affirmation and belonging to one’s ethnic group, may be a health protective factor. Among a sample of 469 LMSM, this study found that there were several predictors across all three levels (i.e., individual, community, and sociocultural) of perceived access to healthcare. Additionally, data supported evidence that ethnic identity affirmation and belonging (Phinney, 2003) acts as a moderator of other predictors of perceived access to healthcare in this sample. These findings can inform outreach interventions of researchers and healthcare providers about psychosocial and cultural barriers and facilitators of access to healthcare.