To ensure safety is not precluded in the event of an engine failure, the FAA has

established climb gradient minimums enforced through Federal Regulations.

Furthermore, to ensure aircraft do not accidentally impact an obstacle on takeoff due to

insufficient climb performance, standard instrument departure procedures have their own

set of climb gradient minimums which are typically more than those set by Federal

Regulation. This inconsistency between climb gradient expectations creates an obstacle

clearance problem: while the aircraft has enough climb gradient in the engine inoperative

condition so that basic flight safety is not precluded, this climb gradient is often not

strong enough to overfly real obstacles; this implies that the pilot must abort the takeoff

flight path and reverse course back to the departure airport to perform an emergency

landing. One solution to this is to reduce the dispatch weight to ensure that the aircraft

retains enough climb performance in the engine inoperative condition, but this comes at

the cost of reduced per-flight profits.

An alternative solution to this problem is the extended second segment (E2S)

climb. Proposed by Bays & Halpin, they found that a C-130H gained additional obstacle

clearance performance through this simple operational change. A thorough investigation

into this technique was performed to see if this technique can be applied to commercial

aviation by using a model A320 and simulating multiple takeoff flight paths in either a

calm or constant wind condition. A comparison of takeoff flight profiles against real

world departure procedures shows that the E2S climb technique offers a clear obstacle

clearance advantage which a scheduled four-segment flight profile cannot provide.