Investigation of the Cotton Industry: Analysis of Its Water Consumption and Remediation Solutions for Water Consumption and Subsequent Pollutants

Global water consumption is at record levels, prompting concerns about sources, treatment, shortages, accessibility, and environmental impacts. While residential use is high due to population growth, industrial activities, particularly in sectors like textiles, are major contributors to overconsumption and pollution. The textile industry's emphasis on high-volume production, driven by capitalist economies and fueled by trends and social media, has led to increased consumption and waste, notably in the cotton sector, which has one of the highest water consumption rates. By investigating the three (3) top cotton-producing countries, an inference regarding global cotton production practices, water usage, and pollutant discharge was able to be made. These countries included India, China, and the United States. It was determined that the agricultural and post-harvest production conjointly sum to a water usage of about 10,000 m3 per ton. This includes water use for irrigation, various purification processes, serial dilutions for pollutants, cleansing, dyeing, and printing processes. In addition to high water consumption, the cotton industry is also a major source for pollution. These pollutants are due to many processes within the complete production process. The contaminants of concern within this investigation are azo dyes. These dyes are able to degrade into toxic byproducts called aromatic amines which are known to be carcinogenic, mutagenic, and irritating. They also reduce sunlight transmittance and increase the BOD and COD within aquatic ecosystems. Popular remediation methods include reverse osmosis, electrolysis, and biological decoloration – through fungi and prokaryotes – are used due to their high degradation efficiency of around 90%. Although this efficiency rate is quite high, a newer remediation method for azo dyes was found that has a 99.8% efficiency rate along with reusable materials. This process utilized silver nanoparticle-intercalated cotton fibers to completely remove the dyes from the tested waters. Through the investigation, inefficiencies and possible sustainability initiatives were determined that will hopefully become globally implemented in order to reduce the large impact of the cotton textile industry.