Using Community of Inquiry to Increase Student Presence, Attitude and Achievement of Active-Duty Service Member Students in Online Courses

Active-duty service members pursuing college degrees face many obstacles due to their military service, such as frequent relocation, long work hours, extended field time, and deployments. While online learning makes higher education more accessible to service members, asynchronous courses can leave active-duty students feeling that online education is lacking in social or peer connection. The purpose of this action research study was to use the Community of Inquiry Framework, as well as Self-Determination Theory, to investigate the results of an intervention, called the R&R Journal, on the social presence, cognitive presence, attitude, and overall academic outcome of active-duty service members enrolled in online, asynchronous HIST 1301 at Central Texas College. This study uses a quasi-experimental concurrent mixed methods design with both treatment and comparison course groups. Results indicate that active-duty students who participated in the intervention increased in social presence, cognitive presence, and overall academic outcome over the course of HIST 1301. Implications for practice include (a) increasing social presence by encouraging peer to peer connection in an asynchronous course through deeper analysis of discussion boards, (b) increasing cognitive presence by challenging students to make personal connections to course material, and (c) increasing cognitive presence by encouraging relevant, modern-day connections to course material.