Development of a Load-Managing Photovoltaic System Topology

Nearly all solar photovoltaic (PV) systems are designed with maximum power point tracking (MPPT) functionality to maximize the utilization of available power from the PV array throughout the day. In conventional PV systems, the MPPT function is handled by a power electronic device, like a DC-AC inverter. However, given that most PV systems are designed to be grid-connected, there are several challenges for designing PV systems for DC-powered applications and off-grid applications. The first challenge is that all power electronic devices introduce some degree of power loss. Beyond the cost of the lost power, the upfront cost of power electronics also increases with the required power rating. Second, there are very few commercially available options for DC-DC converters that include MPPT functionality, and nearly all PV inverters are designed as “grid-following” devices, as opposed to “grid-forming” devices, meaning they cannot be used in off-grid applications.

To address the challenges of designing PV systems for high-power DC and off-grid applications, a load-managing photovoltaic (LMPV) system topology has been proposed. Instead of using power electronics, the LMPV system performs maximum power point tracking through load management. By implementing a load-management approach, the upfront costs and the power losses associated with the power electronics are avoided, both of which improve the economic viability of the PV system. This work introduces the concept of an LMPV system, provides in-depth analyses through both simulation and experimental validation, and explores several potential applications of the system, such as solar-powered commercial-scale electrolyzers for the production of hydrogen fuel or the production and purification of raw materials like caustic soda, copper, and zinc.